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Perfection is, broadly, a state of completeness and flawlessness. The term "perfection" is actually used to designate a range of diverse, if often kindred, concepts. These concepts have historically been addressed in a number of discrete disciplines, notably mathematics, physics, chemistry, ethics, aesthetics, ontology, and theology.〔Władysław Tatarkiewicz, ''O doskonałości'' (On Perfection), 1976.〕 ==Term and concept== The form of the word long fluctuated in various languages. The English language had the alternates, "perfection" and the Biblical "perfectness."〔Tatarkiewicz, "Perfection: the Term and the Concept," ''Dialectics and Humanism'', vol. VI, no. 4 (autumn 1979), p. 5.〕 The word "perfection" derives from the Latin "''perfectio''", and "perfect" — from "''perfectus''." These expressions in turn come from "''perficio''" — "to finish", "to bring to an end." "''Perfectio''(n)" thus literally means "a finishing", and "perfect''(us)''" — "finished", much as in grammatical parlance ("perfect").〔 Many modern languages have adopted their terms for the concept of "perfection" from the Latin: the French "''parfait''" and "''perfection''"; the Italian "''perfetto''" and "''perfezione''"; the Spanish "''perfecto''" and "''perfección''"; the English "perfect" and "perfection"; the Russian "''совершенный''" (sovyershenniy) and "''совершенcтво''" (sovyershenstvo); the Croatian and Serbian "''savršen''" and "''savršenstvo''"; the Czech "''dokonalost''"; the Slovak "''dokonaly''" and "''dokonalost''"; the Polish "''doskonały''" and "''doskonałość''."〔 The genealogy of the concept of "perfection" reaches back beyond Latin, to Greek. The Greek equivalent of the Latin "''perfectus''" was "''teleos''." The latter Greek expression generally had concrete referents, such as a perfect physician or flutist, a perfect comedy or a perfect social system. Hence the Greek "''teleiotes''" was not yet so fraught with abstract and superlative associations as would be the Latin "''perfectio''" or the modern "perfection." To avoid the latter associations, the Greek term has generally been translated as "completeness" rather than "perfection."〔Tatarkiewicz, "Perfection: the Term and the Concept," ''Dialectics and Humanism'', vol. VI, no. 4 (autumn 1979), p. 6.〕 The oldest definition of "perfection", fairly precise and distinguishing the shades of the concept, goes back to Aristotle. In Book ''Delta'' of the ''Metaphysics'', he distinguishes three meanings of the term, or rather three shades of one meaning, but in any case three different concepts. That is perfect: :1. which is complete — which contains all the requisite parts; :2. which is so good that nothing of the kind could be better; :3. which has attained its purpose.〔Tatarkiewicz, "Perfection: the Term and the Concept," ''Dialectics and Humanism'', vol. VI, no. 4 (autumn 1979), p. 7.〕 The first of these concepts is fairly well subsumed within the second. Between those two and the third, however, there arises a duality in concept. This duality was expressed by Thomas Aquinas, in the ''Summa Theologica'', when he distinguished a twofold perfection: when a thing is perfect in itself — as he put it, in its ''substance''; and when it perfectly serves its ''purpose''.〔 The variants on the concept of perfection would have been quite of a piece for two thousand years, had they not been confused with other, kindred concepts. The chief of these was the concept of that which is the best: in Latin, "''excellentia''" ("excellence"). In antiquity, "''excellentia''" and "''perfectio''" made a pair; thus, for example, dignitaries were called "''perfectissime''", just as they are now called "excellency." Nevertheless, these two expression of high regard differ fundamentally: "''excellentia''" is a distinction among many, and implies comparison; while "''perfectio''" involves no comparison, and if something is deemed perfect, then it is deemed so in itself, without comparison to other things. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who thought much about perfection and held the world to be the best of possible worlds, did not claim that it was perfect.〔Tatarkiewicz, "Perfection: the Term and the Concept," ''Dialectics and Humanism'', vol. VI, no. 4 (autumn 1979), p. 9.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Perfection」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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